The slope of a line, denoted m, measures how steep the line is. It is given by the following formula:

m = \dfrac{\color{red}{\textrm{rise}}}{\color{blue}{\textrm{run}}}

Let's calculate the slope of the line that passes through the points (1, 3) and (3, 7) , as shown below.

Moving from (1, 3) to (3, 7) , the line rises vertically by \color{red}4 units while running \color{blue}2 units horizontally. Therefore, the slope of this line is

m = \dfrac{\color{red}{\textrm{rise}}}{\color{blue}{\textrm{run}}} = \dfrac{\color{red}{4}}{\color{blue}{2}} = 2.

The slope m = 2 is a unit rate. It tells us the line rises vertically by 2 units per unit of horizontal change.

Note the following:

  • If a line moves upward as we move from left to right ( \nearrow ), its slope is positive because the line rises by a positive amount.

  • If a line moves downward as we move from left to right ( \searrow ), its slope is negative because the line falls (meaning it rises by a negative amount).

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Suppose that (x_1, y_1) and (x_2, y_2) are two points on a straight line, as shown below.

The "rise" of the line is \color{red}y_2 - y_1, and the "run" of the line is \color{blue}x_2-x_1 . Therefore, we compute the slope m of the line as follows:

m = \dfrac {y_2 - y_1} {x_2 - x_1}

For vertical lines, the slope is undefined. This is because x_2 - x_1 = 0, which leads to division by zero in the above formula.

Note: We can pick any point on the line as our (x_1,y_1) and any other point on the line as (x_2,y_2). We will get the same answer for the slope no matter which pair of points we pick.

FLAG

Calculate the slope of the line that passes through the points (1, 5) and (4, 2).

EXPLANATION

We let (x_1,y_1) = (1,5) and (x_2,y_2) = (4,2), and compute the slope using the formula:

\eqalign{ m &= \dfrac {y_2 - y_1} {x_2 - x_1} \\ &= \dfrac {2 - 5} {4 - 1} \\ &= \dfrac {-3}{3} \\ &= -1 }

Thus, the slope is m=-1.

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What is the slope of the line that passes through the points plotted in the graph above?

a
$\dfrac{3}{2}$
b
$2$
c
$\dfrac{1}{2}$
d
$3$
e
$\dfrac{2}{3}$

What is the slope of a line that passes through the points $(4,5)$ and $(2,3)?$

a
$2$
b
$-2$
c
$1$
d
$4$
e
$-1$

Calculate the slope of the line shown below.

EXPLANATION

Note that the line passes through the points (-2,0) and (0,2). So, we let (x_1,y_1) = (-2,0) and (x_2,y_2) = (0,2), and compute the slope using the formula: \begin{align*} m &= \dfrac{y_2-y_1}{x_2-x_1} \\ &= \dfrac{2-0}{0-(-2)} \\ &= \dfrac{2}{2} \\ &= 1 \end{align*}

Therefore, the slope of the line is m=1.

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The straight line shown above intersects the $y$-axis when $y = 4$ and intersects the $x$-axis when $x = 2.$ Find its slope.

a
$-\dfrac 1 2$
b
$-1$
c
$-\dfrac{13}{2}$
d
$-2$
e
$-\dfrac 7 2$

The straight line shown above intersects the $y$-axis when $y = 2$ and intersects the $x$-axis when $x = -4.$ Find its slope.

a
$\dfrac{1}{2}$
b
$-\dfrac{1}{2}$
c
$\dfrac{1}{4}$
d
$-2$
e
$2$

Find the slope of each of the lines below.

EXPLANATION

The slope of the vertical line is undefined. We can see this by choosing two points on the line, such as (4,0) and (4,1), and computing the slope between them:

\begin{align*} m = \dfrac{y_2 - y_1}{x_2-x_1} = \dfrac{1-0}{4-4} = \dfrac{1}{0} = \text{undefined} \end{align*}

On the other hand, the slope of the horizontal line is zero. We can see this by choosing two points on the line, such as (0,3) and (1,3), and computing the slope between them:

\begin{align*} m = \dfrac{y_2 - y_1}{x_2-x_1} = \dfrac{3-3}{1-0} = \dfrac{0}{1} = 0 \end{align*}

FLAG

Determine the slope of the line shown above.

a
$0$
b
$-1$
c
$1$
d
$0.5$
e
The slope is undefined

Calculate the slope of the line shown above.

a
$1$
b
$0$
c
$1.5$
d
$-1.5$
e
The slope is undefined

Given the following graph, what can we say about the sign of the slope?

EXPLANATION

Remember that slope is the amount the line rises vertically per unit that it runs horizontally.

Since the graph decreases ( \searrow ) as we go from left to right, the line rises by a negative amount.

Therefore, the slope of the line is negative.

FLAG

Which of the following best describes the slope of the graph above?

a
Not enough information
b
Zero
c
Positive
d
Undefined
e
Negative

Which of the following best describes the slope of the graph above?

a
Not enough information
b
Undefined
c
Positive
d
Negative
e
Zero
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