We can use the unit circle to find the sine and cosine of the special negative angles. We do this by first finding a coterminal special angle that lies in the range [0^\circ , 360^\circ ), and then using x = \cos(\theta) and y = \sin(\theta) as we did before.

For example, to find \cos(-225^\circ ), first, we find an angle that's coterminal with -225^\circ that lies in the range [0,360^\circ).

-225^\circ + 360^\circ = 135^\circ\quad{\color{green}{\checkmark}}

Therefore, \cos\left(-225^\circ\right) = \cos 135^\circ.

From the unit circle, we see that the angle 135^\circ corresponds to the point \left( -\dfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2}, \dfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2} \right).

Since the cosine of the angle corresponds to the x -coordinate, we have \cos 135^\circ = -\dfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2}.

Therefore, \cos \left(-225^\circ\right) =-\dfrac {\sqrt{2}}{2}.

FLAG

Find the value of \sin (-120^\circ).

EXPLANATION

First, we find an angle that's coterminal with -120^\circ that lies in the range [0,360^\circ).

-120^\circ + 360^\circ = 240^\circ\quad{\color{green}{\checkmark}}

Therefore, \sin\left(-120^\circ\right) = \sin 240^\circ.

Let's remind ourselves of the special trigonometric ratios, as given by the unit circle.

From the unit circle, we see that the angle 240^\circ corresponds to the point \left( -\dfrac{1}{2}, -\dfrac{\sqrt{3}}{2} \right).

Since the sine of the angle corresponds to the y -coordinate, we have \sin 240^\circ = -\dfrac{\sqrt{3}}{2}.

Therefore, \sin \left(-120^\circ\right) =-\dfrac {\sqrt{3}} 2.

FLAG

Find the value of $\cos \left(-300^\circ\right) .$

a
$\dfrac{\sqrt 3}{2}$
b
$1$
c
$-1$
d
$\dfrac{1}{2}$
e
$-\dfrac{\sqrt 2}{2}$

Find the value of $\sin \left(-150^\circ\right) .$

a
$-\dfrac{1}{2}$
b
$-1$
c
$-\dfrac{\sqrt 3}{2}$
d
$1$
e
$\dfrac{1}{2}$

\sec(-210^\circ) =

EXPLANATION

First, we find an angle that's coterminal with -210^\circ that lies in the range [0^\circ,360^\circ).

-210^\circ + 360^\circ = 150^\circ\quad{\color{green}{\checkmark}}

Therefore, \sec\left(-210^\circ\right) = \sec (150^\circ).

Let's remind ourselves of the special trigonometric ratios, as given by the unit circle.

From the unit circle, we see that the angle 150^\circ corresponds to the point \left( -\dfrac{\sqrt{3}}{2}, \dfrac{1}{2} \right).

Since the cosine of the angle corresponds to the x -coordinate, we have \cos (150^\circ) = -\dfrac{\sqrt 3}{2}.

Therefore, using the fact that \sec\theta = \dfrac{1}{\cos\theta}, we have \begin{align*} \sec(150^\circ) &= \dfrac{1}{\cos(150^\circ)}\\[5pt] &= \dfrac{1}{\left(-\dfrac{\sqrt 3} {2}\right)}\\[5pt] &= -\dfrac{2}{\sqrt 3}\\[5pt] &= -\dfrac{2\sqrt 3}{3}. \end{align*}

Therefore, \sec \left(-210^\circ\right) = -\dfrac{2\sqrt 3}{3}.

FLAG

$\sec \left(-225^\circ\right) =$

a
$-\sqrt 2$
b
$\dfrac{\sqrt 3}{2}$
c
$\sqrt 3$
d
$-1$
e
$\dfrac{1}{2}$

$\csc \left(-30^\circ\right) =$

a
$-2$
b
$\dfrac{\sqrt{3}}{2}$
c
$-\dfrac{5}{2}$
d
$\sqrt{3}$
e
$-\dfrac{1}{2}$

Determine the value of \tan\left(-\dfrac{7\pi}{4}\right).

EXPLANATION

First, we find an angle that's coterminal with -\dfrac {7\pi}{4} that lies in the range [0,2\pi).

-\dfrac{7\pi} 4 + 2\pi = \dfrac{\pi}{4}\quad{\color{green}{\checkmark}}

Therefore, \tan\left(-\dfrac{7\pi} 4\right) = \tan \left(\dfrac{\pi} {4}\right).

Let's remind ourselves of the special trigonometric ratios, as given by the unit circle.

From the unit circle, we see that the angle \dfrac{\pi}{4} corresponds to the point \left( \dfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2}, \dfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2} \right).

  • Since the cosine of the angle corresponds to the x -coordinate, we have \cos \left( \dfrac{\pi}{4}\right) = \dfrac{\sqrt 2}{2}.

  • Since the sine of the angle corresponds to the y -coordinate, we have \sin \left( \dfrac{\pi}{4}\right) = \dfrac{\sqrt 2}{2}.

Therefore, using the fact that \tan\theta = \dfrac{\sin\theta}{\cos\theta}, we have \begin{align*} \tan\left(-\dfrac{7\pi}{4}\right) &=\tan \left( \dfrac{\pi}{4}\right)\\[5pt] &= \dfrac{\sin\left( \dfrac{\pi}{4}\right)}{\cos \left( \dfrac{\pi}{4}\right)}\\[5pt] &= \dfrac{\left(\dfrac{\sqrt 2}{2}\right)}{\left(\dfrac{\sqrt 2} {2}\right)} \\[5pt] &= 1. \end{align*}

FLAG

Determine the value of $\tan \left(-\dfrac {5\pi} {3}\right) .$

a
$\sqrt 3$
b
$-\dfrac{\sqrt 3}{2}$
c
$\dfrac{\sqrt 2}{2}$
d
$\dfrac{1}{2}$
e
$-1$

Determine the value of $\cot \left(-\dfrac {\pi} {3}\right) .$

a
$-\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}}$
b
$-\dfrac{\sqrt{2}}{3}$
c
$-\dfrac{\sqrt{3}}{2}$
d
$-\dfrac {\sqrt 3} 3$
e
$-\dfrac{3}{\sqrt{2}}$

We can also extend our knowledge of special trigonometric ratios to angles greater than 360^\circ. Just like for negative numbers, we find a coterminal special angle that lies in the range [0^\circ , 360^\circ ) , then use x = \cos(\theta) and y = \sin(\theta) as before.

For example, to find \sin 420^\circ , first we find an angle that's coterminal with 420^\circ that lies in the range [0,360^\circ).

420^\circ - 360^\circ = 60^\circ\quad{\color{green}{\checkmark}}

Therefore, \sin\left(420^\circ\right) = \sin 60^\circ.

Let's remind ourselves of the special trigonometric ratios, as given by the unit circle.

From the unit circle, we see that the angle 60^\circ corresponds to the point \left( \dfrac{1}{2}, \dfrac{\sqrt{3}}{2} \right).

Since the sine of the angle corresponds to the y -coordinate, we have \sin 60^\circ = \dfrac{\sqrt{3}}{2}.

Therefore, \sin \left(420^\circ\right) =\dfrac{\sqrt{3}}{2}.

FLAG

Find the value of 4 \cos \left(\dfrac{31\pi}{6}\right).

EXPLANATION

First, we find an angle that's coterminal with \dfrac{31\pi}{6} that lies in the range [0,2\pi).

\begin{align*} \dfrac{31\pi}{6} - 2\pi = \dfrac{19\pi}{6} \\ \dfrac{19\pi}{6} - 2\pi = \dfrac{7\pi}{6} \quad{\color{green}{\checkmark}} \end{align*}

Therefore, \cos\left(\dfrac{31\pi}{6}\right) = \cos\left(\dfrac{7\pi}{6}\right) .

Let's remind ourselves of the special trigonometric ratios, as given by the unit circle.

From the unit circle, we see that the angle \dfrac{7\pi}{6} corresponds to the point \left( -\dfrac{\sqrt{3}}{2}, -\dfrac{1}{2} \right).

Since the cosine of the angle corresponds to the x -coordinate, we have \cos \left(\dfrac{7\pi}{6}\right) = -\dfrac{\sqrt 3}{2}.

Therefore, \cos \left(\dfrac{31\pi}{6} \right) = -\dfrac {\sqrt 3} 2.

Finally, then: 4 \cos \left(\dfrac{31\pi}{6}\right) = 4\cdot \left(-\dfrac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\right) = -2\sqrt{3}.

FLAG

Find the value of $\sin^4\left(\dfrac{7\pi}{3}\right).$

a
$\dfrac{9}{16}$
b
$1$
c
$\dfrac{\sqrt{3}}{3}$
d
$\dfrac{\sqrt{2}}{4}$
e
$\dfrac{1}{16}$

Find the value of $\cos(480^\circ).$

a
$\dfrac12$
b
$-\dfrac12$
c
$-\dfrac{\sqrt 2}{2}$
d
$-\dfrac{\sqrt 3}{2}$
e
$\dfrac{\sqrt 3}{2}$
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